General Science Force and Motion

Exercise: 9.2

Q1. What are machines?
Ans: Machines are devices which are used to reduce the human effort and make the work easier.

Q2. Name three objects that you exert force on, while doing school work.
Ans: Pencil, Eraser, Sharpener.

Q3. Name these.
Ans:
1. Straight slanted surface: Inclined plane.         2. A rod that pivots at a fixed point pulley.
3. An inclined plane wrapped in spiral screw. 4. Double inclined plane Wedge.
5. Machine consisting of a grooved wheel that holds a rope wheel and axle.

Q4. Complete the following concept map.

Exercise : 9.4 Explain how atmospheric helps you drink throw a straw?
Ans: When we take a sip through straw, we are actually putting air out of straw, the greater air pressure outside the straw pushes the liquid into the straw, so it rises up into mouth.

Additional Q/A

Q1. What is a lever? How does it work?
Lever:
A lever is a rigid rod or bar straight or curved which moves on a fixed point. The fixed point is called the fulcrum, or the pivot. A push or a pull is the force put on the one end of the lever arm. This is called the effort. This force is trying to overcome the weight of the object. This weight is called the load. In many tools and machines, levers work together in pairs and the fulcrum is often at the point where the levers are fixed together.

Q2. How many kinds of lever are there? Explain them with the help of diagram.
Ans: There are three kinds of lever. We use in our daily life. Each kind depends on the relative positions of the effort, load and fulcrum.

First kind of lever:
The first kind of lever has its fulcrum between the load and effort Example: crow bar, claw hammer, and a pair of scissors are the examples of first kind of lever.

Second kind of lever:
The second kind of lever has its load between the fulcrum and the effort.
Example: wheel barrow, bottle opener and door are the examples of second kind lever.

Third kind of lever:
In the third kind of lever, the effort lies between the load and the fulcrum. Example: Human arm, broom, tweezer, and knife are the examples of third kind of lever.

Q3. Define pulley.
Ans: Pulley:
The pulley helps us to lift heavy things straight up. A pulley is a kind of wheel with groove over which we can put a rope. The groove prevents the rope from slipping out. Craines use pulley system to lift heavy loads.

Q4. Write uses of atmospheric pressure in our daily life.
Ans: 1. Motor car tyres, bicycles tyre and tyres of other wheeled vehicles are kept hard due to air                pressure.
2. The straw used for drinking also work because of air pressure.
3. When dropper is placed in a solution then solution rises up due to air pressure.
4. A syringe also works by air pressure.

Q5. What is a screw?
Ans: A screw is an inclined plane that is wrapped in a spiral. The spiral shape groove is called a thread. A spiral stair case is like a giant screw.

Q6. Define inclined plane.
Ans: Inclined plane or ramp is another kind of simple machine. A ramp is a slope with one end higher than the other. It is used for moving heavy objects up and down.

Fill in the blanks:

1. There are six types of simple machine.
2. The simplest kind of machine is the lever.
3. A wedge has double inclined plane that moves.
4. A wheel on the end of an  axle make a simple machine.
5. The spiral shaped groove is called a thread.
6. A syringe works by air pressure.

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General Science Element, Compound & Mixture

EXERCISE 7.1:

Q1. Define Matter
Ans: Matter is any thing that has mass and occupies space.

Q2. Complete the following concept map.

Q3. How are compound different from elements?
Ans: In elements all the atoms are identical while in compounds basic unit is a molecule. Which is composed of two or more different type of atoms.

EXERCISE 7.2:
1 Ans: No, Hydrogen and oxygen are elements, and elements are the simplest substances.
2 Ans: (a) True    (b) False   (c) True
3.

Elements	Compounds
Sodium+Chlorine	Table salt (NaCl)
Carbon+Oxygen	Carbondioxide (CO2)
Carbon+Hydrogen+Oxygen	Sugar(C12 H22O11)
Sodium+Hydrogent Oxygen+Carbon	Baking Soda (NaHCO3)

4. A mixture possesses the properties of the substances which make up the mixture, For example air is a mixture of many gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbondioxide and others, We can change the amount of things in the mixture for example in mixed fruits and nuts we can put more fruits and less nuts.
EXERCISE 7.3:
1.Name these
(a) Element  (b)Mixture   (c) Sublimation  (d) Distillation
2. (a) Crystallization       (b) Sublimation     (c) Distillation  (d)  Decantation   (e) Filtration
(f) Decantation

Additional Questions/Answer

Q1. What is an element?
Ans: Element: An element is a substance, which can not be broken down into two or more parts. Elements are made up of atoms. Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Iron are some examples of elements.

Q2. What is compound?
Ans: Compound: Compound is a substance that is formed when the atoms of two or more elements combine chemically. A compound contains different kinds of atoms.
For example: A molecule of water (H2O) is made when two hydrogen atoms are combined with one oxygen atom
Hydrogen (Gas)+Oxygen (Gas) à Water (liquid)

Q3. Define mixture.
Ans: Mixture: Mixture is a substance which is made up of two or more substances which are not combined chemically. The substances in a mixture can be solids, Liquids and gases. Example: Air is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbondioxide and other gases.

Q4. Differentiate between mixture and compound.

Mixture	Compound
1.        Mixture is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined, for example air.	Compounds are made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined, for example water.
2.        A mixture possesses the properties of its components.	A compound has properties that are different from its components.
3.        A mixture can be separated into its components by physical methods.	A compound can be broken down into its components by chemical methods only.
4. Components of a mixture are not mixed in a fixed quantity.	Components of a compound are mixed in a fixed quantity.

Q5. How many physical methods are used for separating mixture?
Ans: Some common physical methods for separating mixtures are.
a) Decantation   2) Distillation   3) Crystallization   4) Sublimation
Decantation:
It is a process of removing a liquid from a mixture by pouring it, while leaving the remaining constituents in the container. For example when we cook rice, we simply let the water in the rice decantdown, leaving rice behind.

Distillation:
It is a process of purifying a liquid. When we boil sea water, it turns into steam leaving behind the solid constituents. We can get drinking water from sea water by this method. It is called distilled water.
Crystallization:
The process of cooling a hot saturated solution to obtain solid crystals is called crystallization.
Sublimation:
Some substance undergo a change of state from solid to gas or gas to solid. The conversion of a solid to gas (or vapours) without passing through a liquid phase is called sublimation.
E.g: Phenyl balls sublimate in open air resolve boldness.

Q6. Fill in the blanks.
1). The common states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
2). Matter is composed of simplest building blocks called atoms.
3). Hydrogen is the simplest element.
4) The most abundant element on the earth is oxygen.
5) The smallest particle of a compound is called molecule.
6) Mercury is a metallic element, which occurs in nature in liquid form.

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Happy 66th Independence Day 2013 :-)

Pakistan's Independence Day, which is every twelve-months held on August 14, commends the nation's autonomy from the British decide on that date in 1947. This day is an event to advertise patriotism and national unity.

What Do People Do? 

Individuals onto every part of Pakistan celebrate Independence Day with energetic get-up-and-go. Numerous individuals who go to the Independence Day parades spruce up in green and white, which are the Pakistani banner's colors. Individuals visit national landmarks and places of national importance to celebrate Independence Day. This is likewise a period to meet relatives, trade blessings and visit recreational spots.

Pakistan's national banner is raised on open, private edifices, habitations and landmarks at first light. Official edifices, incorporating Parliament House, are finished and beautifully lit. The executive and president address and praise the country and discuss the day's essentialness. Avenues and houses are improved with candles, oil lights and flags. Firecracker shows are assembled on the eve of Independence Day.

Pakistan's Independence Day additionally pays tribute to individuals who gave their lives for Pakistan's opportunity development and made gives up to achieve Pakistan's autonomy. A change of watchman happens at national landmarks, incorporating the mausoleums of Muhammad Iqbal, who was a writer, scholar, and government official, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is acknowledged by numerous as Pakistan's author and Quaid-i-Azam (matchless guide).

Occasions held throughout the day incorporate uncommon theatre shows, national melody rivalries, shows, and Independence Day events. Radio and TV slots telecast national tunes and exceptionally ready Independence Day programs.

Open Life 

Autonomy Day is an official occasion in Pakistan on August 14. All administrative, non-legislative business settings, conglomerations, instructive organizations, post work places, and major markets are shut.

Open transport remains inaccessible on all major tracks. Activity clogging is normal because of Independence Day parades.

Foundation 

The Indo-Pak subcontinent remained a British settlement from 1849–1947. The subcontinent's tenants did not endorse of the British manage in united India. An uprising that happened in 1857 in the end shaped the state of an opportunity development, which epitomizes the exertions of the individuals of British India in picking up their freedom.

Muslims managed the subcontinent soon after the British attack and endured because of the 1857 uprising against the British East India Company. Guides, for example Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Syed Ameer Ali worked industriously for the Muslim individuals' political progression.

The Indian National Congress was framed in 1885, which later on came to be British India's biggest political gathering. Major Muslim political guides, incorporating Muhammad Ali Jinnah, were parts of the Indian National Congress and worked towards Hindu-Muslim unity and India's autonomy.

The All India Muslim League was established on December 30, 1906. There was developing interest for an autonomous Muslim state in India. In 1930 Muhammad Iqbal put forth the thought of a divide Muslim state that would topographically comprise of the Muslim greater part territories in the subcontinent. The expression Pakistan is a conjunction of two expressions Pak importance Pure and Stan significance Land, a name authored by Choudhary Rahmat Ali.

Solid Hindu patriotism conceived the Two Nation Theory, a belief system that is authorize as being the groundwork for Pakistan's creation. In 1940 the Pakistan Resolution was passed in Lahore requesting more terrific Muslim independence in British India.

After World War II, it was normal that the British settlements might soon deteriorate. The Pakistan Movement, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, brought about making a Muslim state. Pakistan picked up autonomy from the British control on August 14, 1947. At its conception, Pakistan had two parts ordinarily alluded to as East and West Pakistan. In 1971 East Pakistan separated from West Pakistan and came to be Bangladesh.

Images 
Green and white are Pakistan's official shades. White speaks to peace while green symbol

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Faraizi Movement History

Q1.Write a short note on Faraizi Movement.
Faraizi Movement:
Introduction:
Among the most prominent reformers who started revivalist movements for rekindling Islamic thinking in the subcontinent was Haji Shariatullah. He was born in 1761 in Faridpur (Bengal). At a very early age, he proceeded to the Holy city of Makkah where he stayed for about 20 years and received the religious education. He returned to his country in 1802.

Background of the Movement:
Haji Shariatullah was shocked to observe the deplorable state of religion among his country man. He advised the Muslims of Bengal to get rid of the un-Islamic customs and practices. He stressed the need to act upon Islamic injunctions. He called these Islamic injunctions as Faraizi (Obligations) Therefore, his preaching for Islamic Principles and reform movement for Muslims is called Faraizi Movement.

Objective of Faraizi Movement:
The basic objective of Faraizi movement was to eliminate the un-Islamic customs and traditions which prevailed among the Bengali Muslims and helped bring the Muslims on the right path of Islamic teachings. He encountered a number of obstacles and difficulties in the beginning but gradually. The movement gained momentum and spread throughout Bengal. The movement created a spirit of self confidence among the Bengali Muslims.

Efforts of Dudu Mian:
After the death of Haji  Shariatullah (1840), his son Muhammad Mohsin alias Dudu Mian became the leader of Faraizi Movement and made it more effective. He organized the Muslim ten ants against the high Handedness of Hindu landlords. As a result of the efforts of Muhammad Mohsin, the Muslims in Bengal got rid of the persecution of Hindu landlords.

Achievement of the Movement:
As a result of Faraizi Movement, the religious and moral status of Bengali Muslims was improved and the rights of the tenants were protected to a great extent.

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Professions (In Islam)

Professions

(a) Teaching   (b) Fishing

Question / Answers:
Q1. What does “Akhund” mean?
Ans: “Akhund” is a sindhi word derived from a Persian word “Khandan” which means “to read”. It is the best word to express the teacher’s dignity and status.

Q2. How does a teacher fulfill God’s command?
Ans. A teacher is a reader par excellence. An honest and a good teacher fulfills God’s command expressed in the first word of revelation which says “Read”. The teacher is one who knows how to read God’s words be it written on the human heart or in the Holy Book of Allah or be written in nature. A teacher reads a lot and seeks knowledge from every source.

Q3. Write a short note on “The qualities of teacher.
Ans: A good teacher always gains honour and respect in a society. He acquires good personal qualities, therefore, he always tries to improve his character and personality. The personal qualities of a good teacher are following.

1. A good teacher is a reader par excellence. He fulfills God’s command by reading the words of God be it written on the human heart or in the Holy Book or in nature. 
2. He thinks over the sacred writings and tells others the meaning of life and the way to live it fully.
3. A good teacher always seeks knowledge from the sources of truth, beauty and goodness.
4. A good teacher not only strives to know what is true, good and beautiful but also seeks to incorporate these in the life.
5. A good teacher strictly follows the teachings of Allah in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ والہ وسلم).

Q4. Why do people like fresh water fishes?
Ans: People like fresh water fishes because they are more tasty.

Q5. Why is fish important for us?
Ans: Fish is important for us because it is a source of food and also several by-products, are obtained from fish i.e glue, manure, liver oil etc. Catching fish is one of the most ancient and common profession of the world. A large number of people are engaged with this profession. It is also a flourishing trade.

Q6. What are the different modes of fishing?
Ans: There are two modes of fishing.

1. Marine or Sea fishing.
2. Inland or fresh water fishing.

Q7. Where is marine fishing done in Pakistan?
Ans: In Pakistan, marine fishing is done in the Arabian Sea along the coast.

Q8. What are the dangers of marine fishing?
Ans: Marine fishing is dangerous because the fishermen have to go in deep sea to catch fishes and face the dangers of the sea. Sometimes, the weather turns rough without any warning. The fisherman then at the mercy of the storm against which they are quite helpless.

Q9. Why do people of East have a high regards of teachers?
Ans: A teacher fulfills God’s commands by reading the words of God be it written on the human heart, or the Holy Book or in nature. A teacher always teaches moral values and the principles of truth, beauty and goodness. A teacher acquires his status in society by cultivating several personal and professional qualities that is why people in the East have very high regard for teachers.

Q10. Short note on “Modernization of Fish Industry”.

OR

What steps have been taken by the government to improve and modernize the fish industry in Pakistan?
Ans: Fishing is one of the most important industry in Pakistan. Fish is a source of food and it is sold in markets for this purpose. Fish is required by those industries which manufacture several by-products of fish. For the increasing need and demand of fish, the government has taken various steps to improve and modernize the fish industry in Pakistan which are the following.

1. Loans are being provided to the fishermen on soft terms and conditions for buying bigger boats and other equipments.
2. Fishing nets of good quality are available for the fishermen at low prices.
3. Fish harbours and fish markets have been set up at various places for improving the fishing trade.
4. Weather stations have been built at various places to warn the fishing boats about bad weather and sea storms.
5. Wireless receivers are being fitted in the large boats of the fishermen.
6. A “Fisheries Training Institute” and a “Fisheries Technology Laboratory” have been established at Karachi.

Q11. Write the names of two institutions established by the government of Pakistan for modernizing the fish industry.
Ans: The names of two institutions established by the Government of Pakistan at Karachi for modernizing the fish industry are as follows.

1. Fisheries Training Institute.
2. Fisheries Technological Laboratory.

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The Wise Caliph (Poem) Technical Education

The Wise Caliph

Question Answers:
Q1. What was caliph Haroon-ur-Rashid known and respected for?
Ans. Caliph Haroon-ur-Rashid was known and respected for his justice and wisdom. He used to disguise himself and went through the streets of Baghdad at night to know the problems and difficulties of a common man and to gain first-hand knowledge about his people.

Q2. Why did he go through the streets of Baghdad at night?
Ans: He would go through the streets of Baghdad to mingle with common people in order to gain frist-hand knowledge of their difficulties. He believed that by adopting the common life style, he would experience the problems in true sense.

Q3. What did the Qazi say to the caliph?
Ans. The Qazi said to the caliph that he had brought before him a dispute which he himself was unable to settle. According to the Qazi, the case was very difficult. But he believed that the wise caliph would be able to solve it and pronounce a just decision through his knowledge and wisdom.

Q4. What was the dispute between the rich man and the beggar?
Ans. The rich man and the beggar were fighting over the ownership of a beautiful white horse. Each of them claimed that the horse belonged to him.

Q5. What did the rich man tell the caliph?
Ans. The rich man told the caliph that he was riding towards the city. On this way he saw a beggar, who asked for a ride up to the city gate. Afterwards the beggar refused to get down from the horse and claimed that the horse was his.

Q6. What did the beggar tell the caliph?
Ans. The beggar told the caliph that he was the real owner of the horse and the rich man wanted to rob him. He further told that when he was coming to the city on his horse, the rich man requested him to lend his horse to him but he could not lend his horse to a complete strangers. So he gave the rich man a ride on his horse. When they reached to the city gate, the richman refused to get down and claimed that it was his horse.

Q7. Why did the beggar refuse to get down from the horse?
Ans. The beggar refused to get down from the horse because he wanted to rob the rich man’s beautiful white horse. Therefore he falsely claimed the horse to be his and refused to dismount.

Q8. What did the horse do when the beggar touched it?
Ans. When the beggar touched the horse it winced as if it did not like the touch of his hand. This reaction of the animal shows that it was not owned by the beggar.

Q9. How did the horse react when the rich man touched it?
Ans. When the rich man touched the horse it neighed and shorted with pleasure. This reaction of the horse proved the true ownership of the rich man.

Q10. What did the caliph say to the beggar?
The caliph said to the beggar that he was liar and a wicked man because he wanted to rob honest and a respectable citizen. According to the caliph, the beggar deserved punishment but could be forgiven if he begged forgiveness of the rich man.

Q11. What was the noble action of the rich man which pleased every body in the court of the caliph?
Ans. It was the noble action of the rich man than he not only forgave the beggar readily, who tried to rob him, but also gave him a handful of gold coins. It pleased every body in the court of the caliph.

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